Breast Cancer Essay - 1330 Words

Breast Cancer Kinds of support Breast Cancer Clients’ need. Harpreet Kaur Malhi Scholarly Writing in Nursing Wednesday October 27, 2017 Breast cancer is no longer a menace as it was years back; however, little is known on what the patients experience after treatment. Pauwels, Charlier, Lechner Van Hoof (2013) state that the period of transition to survivorship is filled with emotional distress and a low quality of life. It is evident that the survivors have to go through many struggles and in the recent past, there have been interventions that are meant to improve on their well being. No clear guidelines exist on how the psychological interventions that should be applied to assist breast cancer patients to make a quick†¦show more content†¦Learning on the best coping strategies will help to do away with their fears and learn on how to run the day to day stress. Depression, PTSD, or even psychological suffering may make treatment of breast cancer quite difficult (Hutchinson, 2010). Better handling of the accompanying emotions will help to improve the medical care that the patient receives. For younger women, the treatment procedure may be tougher on them. Changes such as induced early menopause, lower level of estrogen can bring issues such as hot flashes, sweating at night and even vaginal dryness. Besides cases of infertility due to lower estrogen levels, there is the possibility of experiencing lower sexual drive (Partridge, 2013). With the treatment-induced menopause, there is a high possibility of weight gain; it is commonly accompanied by sleep disturbance and fatigue. Due to the treatment, there is a possibility of having lower bone mineral deposits; this may lead to bone-related deficiencies. Cardiovascular health issues have also been reported; besides the bodily harm that they cause, there is a great possibility of physiological disturbance that will need expert care (Partridge, 2013). Support needed by the patients Partridge, (2013) states that; a comprehensive approach is needed to accord the patients the best care possible. With this knowledge, researchers developed a program that addresses the issues facedShow MoreRelatedMale Breast Cancer Essay861 Words   |  4 Pages Breast cancer in males is quite common, yet still many people are unaware of this disease. Often, it can go undiagnosed until the cancer is in the fourth stage. Every year over 2,000 men will be diagnosed, but only 54% will survive. Cancer in men is often overlooked as it is almost 100 times less common in men than women. During a man’s entire lifespan, the risk of having a diagnosis is about one in one-thousand. The most common symptom of this devastating disease are a lump or some swelling. ThisRead More Breast Cancer Essay1204 Words   |  5 Pages BREAST CANCER I) Anatomy of the breast nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The breast is a gland designed to make milk. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; II) What is breast cancer? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Breast cancer is an abnormal growth of cells. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;These abnormal growths are called tumors. Not all tumors are cancerous. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Non-cancerous tumors – benign nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;CancerousRead More Breast Cancer Essay1235 Words   |  5 PagesBreast Cancer Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. There are many different types of cancer that are affecting people all over. Breast Cancer is one of these, and is found in man and women. Over 200,000 women and 1,300 men have been diagnosed with breast cancer this year. One in eight women will detect breast cancer in their lifetime. Men are less than one percent of the cases of breast cancer that are detected. Although prevention is not yet available, earlyRead MoreEssay Breast Cancer1675 Words   |  7 PagesBreast Cancer Breast cancer is a disease that is becoming more and more popular in this day of age. One in every eight women is diagnosed with breast cancer (Breast Cancer, 2010). Women and men who suffer from breast cancer not only are fighting cancer but are also fighting the psychological aspects of the disease. Breast Cancer is the second most diagnosed cancer among women in the United States right behind skin cancer. Women are now surviving breast cancer a lot more frequently becauseRead MoreBreast Cancer Essay642 Words   |  3 PagesBreast Cancer Breast Cancer is a cancer that forms in tissues of the breast, usually the ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple) and lobules (glands that make milk). It occurs in both men and women, although male breast cancer is rare. Anyone women could be at risk for breast cancer but, there are factors that make some women more susceptible to breast cancer than others. A risk factor is anything that affects your chances of getting a particular disease. Some can be controlled and some can’tRead MoreBreast Cancer Essay937 Words   |  4 PagesBreast cancer along with many other cancers are being researched daily to find new treatments. With all the new research, it is possible to see high survival rates and lower reoccurrence rate. Many are benefiting from the new treatments that are being discovered. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death in women and the advancements that have been made are remarkable. There are different types of breast cancer that could be used in planning treatment and new therapies. Authors of MayoRead MoreBreast Cancer Essay1253 Words   |  6 PagesCancer lies dormant in all of us; all living organisms such as our bodies are making defective cells all the time (1). This is how tumors are developed. Our bodies are also equipped with a number of mechanisms that detect and keep such cells in check (1). Breast Cancer (BC), is the most common malignancy in women worldwide, and it is associated with high morbidity and mortality (2). These breast tumors are comprised of phenotypically diverse populations of breast cancer cells (3). However, chemoresistanceRead MoreBreast Cancer Essay1178 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract: Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, which arises in cells that lines breast duct. Many imaging techniques are used for the screening and diagnosis, but typically patients are diagnosed at advanced stage only, and the prognosis is associated with early detection. At present serum and protein biomarkers improving early detection of breast cancer, these make better treatment options with a better responseRead MoreEssay on Breast Cancer1788 Words   |  8 Pages Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women, it accounts for one of every three diagnoses in the United States. Breast cancers are malignancies, life threatening tumors that develops in one or both breasts. A female breast consists of fatty and fibrous connective tissues. The interior of the breast is divided into about twenty different sections called lobes. Each of the lobes is further divided in to lobules, which are structures that contain small milk-producing glands. These glandsRead More Breast Cancer Essay2259 Words   |  10 PagesBreast cancer is the second most common cancer in the world (Breast). Every three minutes a woman is diagnosed: one in eight women will have breast cancer (Walgreens, 2011; Chen, 2010). â€Å"I have to admit, like so many women, I always knew there was a chance. But like so many women, I never thought it would be me. I never thought Id hear those devastating words: You have breast cancer. â€Å"- Debbie Wasserman Schultz, a democratic representative of Florida (2011). Mutations turn genes on and off

What Is a AAA Video Game

A triple-A video game (AAA) is generally a title developed by a large studio, funded by a massive budget. A simple way to think about AAA video games is to compare them to movie blockbusters. It costs a fortune to make an AAA game, just as it costs a fortune to make a new Marvel movie—but the anticipated returns make the outlay worthwhile. In order to recoup general development costs, publishers will generally produce the title for the major platforms (currently Microsofts Xbox, Sonys PlayStation, and the PC) to maximize profits. The exception to this rule is a game produced as a console exclusive, in which case the console maker will pay for exclusivity to offset the loss of potential profit to the developer. History of AAA Video Games Early computer games were simple, low-cost products that could be played by individuals or by multiple people in the same location. Graphics were simple or non-existent. The development of high-end, technically sophisticated consoles and the World Wide Web changed all that, turning computer games into complex, multi-player productions incorporating high-end graphics, video, and music. By the late 1990s, companies like EA and Sony were producing blockbuster video games expected to reach a huge audience and rake in serious profits. It was at that point that game makers started using the term AAA at conventions. Their idea was to build buzz and anticipation, and it worked: interest in video games soared, as did profits. During the 2000s, video game series became popular AAA titles. Examples of AAA series include Halo, Zelda, Call of Duty, and Grand Theft Auto. Many of these games are quite violent, drawing criticism from citizen groups concerned with their impact on youth. Triple I Video Games Not all popular video games are created by the makers of Play Station or XBox consoles. In fact, a significant and increasing number of popular games are created by independent companies. Independent (III or triple I) games are funded independently and the makers are thus freer to experiment with different types of games, themes, and technology. Independent video game makers have several other advantages: They are not reliant on franchises and sequels, so they can often reach new audiences;They are often able to build a high-end game with far lower costs than the big game makers;They are more flexible in their response to user feedback and can make changes rapidly. The Future of AAA Video Games Some reviewers note that the biggest AAA video game producers are running up against the same issues plaguing movie studios. When a project is built with a huge budget, the company cant afford a flop. As a result, games tend to be designed around what has worked in the past; this keeps the industry from reaching a wider range of users or exploring new themes or technologies. The result: some believe  that a growing number of AAA video games will actually be produced by independent companies who have the vision and flexibility to innovate and reach new audiences. Nevertheless, games based on existing series and blockbuster movies will not be disappearing anytime soon.

Rene Descartes Essay - 611 Words

Rene Descartes Rene Descartes was a math philosopher, he was born in Toures, on March 31 1596, and he died at Stockholm on February 11 1650. His father was forced to spend half the year at Rennes, where he was a councilman. The rest of the time he spent with his family of Les Cartes at La Haye. Rene was the second child out of four kids. At the age of eight, he was sent to the Jesuit School at La Fleche. The school had very good education and discipline. On account of his delicate health, he was permitted to lie in bed until late in the mornings. In 1647, he visited Pascal, he told himself that the only way to do good work in math, and to keep his health was to never allow anyone to make him get up in the morning before he felt†¦show more content†¦The values of x and y determined the co-coordinates of a number of points which forms a curve, of which the equation f(x,y)=0 has a geometrical property. Rene said that a point in a space could be determined by three co-coordinates. Rene pointed out the very important facts that two or more curves can be referred to one and the same system of co-coordinates, and that the points in which two curves intersect can be determined by finding the roots common to their equations. Rene wrote three Geometric books. The first two are about analytical geometry, and the third is an analysis of algebra that was current then. Rene also paid particular attention to the theory of tangents to curves. Back then the current definition of a tangent at a point was a straight line through the point such that between it and the curve no other straight line could be drawn, that is the straight line of closet contact. Rene described his theory by giving the general rule for drawing tangents and normals to a roulette. The method that Rene used to find the tangent or normal at any point of a given curve was he determined the center and radius of a circle, which should cut the curve in two consecutive points. The tangent to the circle at that point will be the required tangent to the curve. In modern text books it isShow MoreRelated The Meditations by Rene Descartes1003 Words   |  5 PagesIn Descartes’ Meditations, his goal to prove the existence of things could only be accomplished if he was logical, clear, and correct in his thoughts and writings. The most important issues he noted were the threat of being deceived and the potential of being incorrect in his judgments, both of which would lead him into error. Error exists as a problem that individuals encounter on a regular basis, and it also exists as a focal point in Descartes’ Meditations. Descartes defines error as â€Å"a privationRead More Rene Descartes Essay1094 Words   |  5 PagesRene Descartes was a famous French mathematician, scientist and philosopher. He was arguably the first major philosopher in the modern era to make a serious effort to defeat skepticism. His views about knowledge and certainty, as well as his views about the relationship between mind and body have been very influe ntial over the last three centuries. Descartes was born at La Haye (now called Descartes), and educated at the Jesuit College of La Flà ¨che between 1606 and 1614. Descartes later claimedRead MoreEssay on Renà © Descartes759 Words   |  4 PagesRenà © Descartes Renà © Descartes was a French philosopher and also mathematician. His method of doubt led him to the famous cogito ergo sum when translated means I am thinking, therefore I exist. This cogito was the foundation for Descartes quest for certain knowledge. He explored doubt and how we can prove our own existence, by taking the first steps of scepticism. His book Meditations On First Philosophy, was written in six parts. EachRead More Rene Descartes Essay1271 Words   |  6 PagesI think, therefore I am Rene Descartes was a man obsessed with finding things out for himself, an intellectual who contributed to the field of psychology. Born in the 16th century, Descartes grew up in a society where ideas, thoughts and perceptions were not questioned but were supposed to be understood and supported. While growing up and through his studies, Descartes began to make strides in the fields of philosophy, mathematics and science. Descartes was a man who challenged accepted ideasRead MoreAppraisal of Renà © Descartes1209 Words   |  5 Pages Meditations on First Philosophy and The Passions of the Soul, Renà © Descartes lays out his views on the mind. Descartes is a dualist, specifically an interactionalist, which is someone who believes that mental states and physical states are distinct from one another, yet still affect each other. This view, however, faces significant obstacles, to which Descartes believes he has an answer for. In this paper I will outline Descartes’ argument for the distinctness between the mind and body, explicateRead MoreA Brief Biography of Rene Descartes1580 Words   |  6 Pagesworks of philosopher Rene Descartes, who had endorsed the mechanistic conception of the world and the human body by coining notions such as mind, substance, and the knowledge argument; although his notions were not always accepted, he managed to provide valid support. Born in France, Rene Descartes, dubbed The Father of Modern Philosophy was, in a way, a Renaissance man having contributed influence amongst subjects such science, mathematics, psychology, and philosophy. Descartes was the medium ofRead MoreA Brief Look at Rene Descartes829 Words   |  3 Pages Rene Descartes was a brilliant man who came up with many inventions and thoughts to put in people’s minds and let them ponder off and question life in itself. In one of the many things Rene Descartes created, he wrote a book called Discourse on the Method and Meditations. Descartes discusses how there are two main proofs of God’s existence, the casual argument in meditation three and the ontological argument in meditation five. There are a few differences between these two meditations and one isRead MoreThe Meditations of Rene Descartes Essay493 Words   |  2 PagesThe Meditations of Rene Descartes In 1916 Rene Descartes wrote What I wish to finish is . . . an absolutely new science enabling one to resolve all questions proposed on any order of continuos or discontinuous quantities. (p8 Methods Meditations). He made this ambitious statement at the young age of twenty-three. Renes ambition would take him far but it kept him from becoming the Aristotle of the modern age. The Meditations were an attempt to solve the many questions about life, existenceRead MoreRene Descartes and John Locke698 Words   |  3 PagesRene Descartes was a highly influential French philosopher, mathematician, scientist and writer. Many elements of his philosophy have precedent in late Aristolelianism and earlier philosophers like St. Augustine. Descartes was a major figure in 17th century continental rationalism, later advocated by Baruch Spinoza and opposed by the empiricist school of thought consisting of Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. His most famous statement is: Cogito ergo sum, translation in En glish I think therefore I am.Read MoreEssay about Rene Descartes1730 Words   |  7 PagesRene Descartes was born on March 31, 1596 in La Haye Touraine, France. Descartes was considered a jack of all trades, making major contributions to the areas of anatomy, cognitive science, optics, mathematics and philosophy. He has been referred to as the father of modern rationalism, soldier of fortune, scholar, pilgrim, traveler, and a firm adherent of the Roman Catholic faith. He was educated at the Jesuit college of La Fleche in Anjou. He entered the college at the age of eight years, just

Why Should Ratify The Constitution - 803 Words

Right now a debate is accruing about weather or not we should ratify the constitution. This is an important moment in our country history because if we ratify the constitution it could make our country better or make it worse.We are at a crossroads in the history of our country. The Articles of Confederation are not working. They give the states too much power and are too weak. We can not pay our debts as a nation.The proposed Constitution would give us a strong government so that we can rise money through taxes. It could create a strong system of representatives. For these reasons I think we should ratify the Constitution. One reason to ratify the Constitution is with the Constitution we could rise the money we need through taxes to pay off debts.According to the speech given by delegate James Wilson it is the federal government s job to protect our nation, support the dignity of the union, and pay off the nations debts. it is the federal government’s duty to provide for the national safety, to support the dignity of the union, and to pay the country’s debts.For the government to protect our nation we need to pay, feed, and provide shelter for all of our soldiers. To do that we need money and we get the money from taxes. To keep our nations dignity we need to pay off our debts and we can t do that without money and the money comes from taxes that aren t being fully payed.This quote of James Wilson says that the government should get to tax people directly in casesShow MoreRelatedShould We Ratify The Constitution?811 Words   |  4 Pageswe should ratify the Constitution. This is an impor tant moment in our countries history.It is important to our countries history because if we ratify the Constitution the Executive branch would have all of the power. If we didn t ratify the Constitution the states would have power. The proposed Constitution would give the Executive branch the right to tax the American citizens and the states wouldn t be able to say no to it. My position is an Anti-Federalist. One reason we should not ratify theRead Morecompany law Essay1659 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿QUESTION 1 Issue: the issue about company’s constitution and whether the loan contract between ABC bank and Sambal Pty Ltd is invalid. State the law: Section 140 of the corporations act states that: â€Å"A company’s constitution (if any) and any replaceable rules that apple to the company have effect as a contract: (a) Between the company and each member; and (b) Between the company and each director and company secretary; and (c) Between a member and each other member; Apply the law: AccordingRead MoreThe Rights We Now Have Because Of Our Forefathers1505 Words   |  7 Pagesenough history followed with the Constitution. Many people played a role in the development and this paper will examine the Federalists and their counterparts the non-federalist. This paper will also show the timeline pertaining to the articles of confederation and compare it to the constitution. To believe in something we need to understand why we need to do it in the first place. Why do we need to be governed and given a list of rules to be treated fairly? Why is an understatement, when peopleRead MoreShould The Constitution Be Ratified For The Future?978 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout American history the constitution has been the framework for democracy. Written in 1787, the constitution was a great conception for the thirteen colonies. Now two-hundred and twenty-eight years later the United States is not a county of freedom fighting European-Americans. In this diverse and modern society concerns have come to surface as to whether the constitution should be ratified for the future to come. Ratifying the constitution sounds like a good notion, but is nearly impossibleRead MoreAp Gov Unit 31006 Words   |  5 Pagesby the right to amend the Constitution guaranteed by Article V? Evaluate James Madison’s claim in Federalist 43 that the Constitution â€Å"guards equally against the extreme facility which would render the Constitution too mutable, and that extreme difficulty which might perpetuate its discovered faults.† Some critics of the amending process contend that amendments, once proposed, should be submitted to popular vote, bypassing state legislatures. Do you agree or disagree? Why? P1. According to professorRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation From A New Constitution1506 Words   |  7 Pagesthis paper is to talk about the different actions taken to replace the Articles of Confederation to bring about a new Constitution. I will first start out by giving some background on the Article of Confederation as to what it was and why it was important for the US? Secondly, I will provide the reader with some of the strengths and weaknesses of the Article of Confederation. Why did the Article of Confederation fail? Third, I will talk about the actions that were taken to replace the Article ofRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Federalist Papers Essay1640 Words   |  7 Pagestopics are discussed, but if it weren’t for the Constitution, Declaration of Independence and Federalist papers. How far would the world get on a day to day bases? The constitution is a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed (Oxford Dictionaries). The Constitution was written the same place the Declaration of Independence was signed. The constitution was written during the Philadelphia Convention,Read MoreTheu.s. Constitution And The Constitution1612 Words   |  7 PagesThe U.S Constitution is one of the most, if not the most, important documents ever written in political history. The constitution established America’s national government and provided the fundamental framework for the present and future legal parameters by which the american people would be governed by. The Constitution was officially signed September 17, 1787 in Philadelphia during a constitutional convention. In order for the constitution to actually be an official document, it had to have beenRead MoreThe Development to The United States Constitution Essay1643 Words   |  7 PagesWhy did the Americans select the constitutional order they did in 1787-1789, and why did they reject a more democratic and confederal form not more than a decade old? In 1787, twenty-nine delegates convened in Philadelphia to tweak the Articles of Confederation. Some delegates, however, arrived with the intention of creating a completely new constitution. James Madison proposed the Virginia Plan, a plan which advocated a balanced, three-branch method of government with a bicameral, or two-house,Read MoreThe Dispute That Disconcertingly Didn t Win1872 Words   |  8 PagesThe Dispute That Disconcertingly Didn’t Win It is June of 1789. Nearly a year has passed since the ratification of the Constitution. Imagine your children and wife waking you up and asking you what is for dinner. You are not sure what to say because you lost your farm due to paying off debts. This endures and then something tragic transpires. Your youngest child perishes. In the 1780s there were two diverse types of people with dissimilar lifestyles. These encompassed Federalists and Anti-Federalists

Services and Automated Driving Capabilities †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Services and Automated Driving Capabilities. Answer: Introduction: A smart car is an automobile that can drive itself. It has all the software and algorithms installed, to control its speed and direction (Shaikh et al. 2017). The Artificial Intelligence (AI) system takes help of complex algorithms to make quick and prompt decisions. One of the main motives behind its development was to reduce traffic accidents by ruling out human error tendency management. This has eminently helped to solve traffic law issues. Their ability to use fuel efficiently, adds to the section of advantages (Rathore et al. 2016). However, several ethical dilemmas regarding the AI driven smart cars, have been brought to notice lately. This discussion aims at highlighting how artificial intelligence in smart cars can be socially problematic. A few ethical issues faced by automated cars are discussed below. Possible solutions to the same are also advised in due course management. One latest use of artificial intelligence has been found in the manufacturing of smart cars (Zohdy, Kamalanathsharma and Rakha 2012). Millions of lines of codes are written to build an AI. The artificial intelligence records every detail from the cars movement to the happenings in the nearest vicinity. It uses multiple sensors and cameras. It then analyses every such aspects and take quick and prompt decisions. The microprocessor guides the car according to the codes written into it. A robot car might have solved a few major traffic issues. They are also fuel-efficient. However, they are not completely dependable in regards to tackling social dilemmas. It is designed to take act independently and take quick decisions regarding its speed and mobility (Shaikh et al. 2017). Supposedly, it tracks a small tree branch ahead, on a highway. Human drivers would have driven past the branch and avoided the formation of a traffic blockage. The smart car would however not cross the double-yellow line, as it dutifully follows the law. It would halt. This would result in a traffic jam. The human drivers behind, will have to face problems for a silly reason. In case of any emergency, a human driver would generally apply some wit and luck. He or she would require boosting the car a few knots above the speed limit. This might break the law, but the emergency can be attended without a delay. On the other hand, a smart car is not designed to do so. It will never opt to break the law. Therefore, health or economical emergencies will prove to be fatal. The car, will refuse to drive in auto-mode, if the tire is a little under-inflated or the headlight is broken, though it being daytime. These kinds of situation might create tremendous problems for the owner or the travelling passengers. Cars going smart, make them heavily relied on the internet. The Gartner predicts there will be about a quarter of a billion wirelessly connected vehicles by 2020 (Gartner.com, 2017). This maximizes the threat of hacks or security breaches. Hackers nowadays can breach into any system connected to a network. A smart car is fairly a new device. It still has its own security vulnerabilities that are yet to be tested and fixed. If an AI system is hacked, it is open to commit any unreasonable duty as commanded. From revealing the cars GPS location to controlling the car remotely, great risks would lie ahead. The life of the passengers would be threatened (Ring 2015). A car in the control of cyber criminals can be made to do terrible things and disrupt traffic safety. If the car is left in a position where it can save either its passengers or the pedestrians, a social dilemma is faced. To abide by the law and moral ethics, it will make every attempt to protect the pedestrians. The life of the passengers will hence be sacrificed. This issue is still unsolved and requires further research, according to scientists (Bonnefon, Shariff and Rahwan 2016). For example, if the car suddenly tracks an approaching trolley with a baby in it, it will attempt to take a sharp turn. Now what if a tree blocks the turn; what should it do. This will leave the car in a moral dilemma. If it drives on straight, a child might get killed. If it attempts a sudden halt in the middle of the road, the vehicles might crash behind. Whereas, taking the turn to hit a tree, will make it kill or injure its own passengers. Philosophers term this situation as the Trolley Problem (Kamm 2015). To take the less harsh decision, the algorithms would generally guide the cars AI to sacrifice itself in order to save the child and avoid a traffic collision behind. This is a major drawback in the popularity of automated cars. The owners will never wish to purchase and ride such vehicles (Bonnefon, Shariff and Rahwan 2016). To resolve all the above mentioned social issues is a tough ask. However, attempts can be made to prevent or avoid such circumstances up to a certain extent. Firstly, in case of emergencies, the AI must be programmed to act differently. It must be fed with real life problem solving techniques. It must be designed to take actions that would minimize casualty. The lawmakers need to re-script certain aspects of traffic regulations, keeping in mind the increase in the usage of smart cars. Manufacturers and AI programmers must put in more efforts to strengthen smart car security management (Atamli and Martin 2014). From the above discussion, it can thus be concluded that the use of Artificial Intelligence in smart cars are destined to face too many social issues. From life threatening dilemmas and cyber security threats to mishandling of emergencies, many social problems are yet to be solved. The lawmakers and the car manufacturers must try out every alternative to solve these issues and dilemmas. Being a fairly new invention, more research is required in this field. Solving these issues to the farthest possible extent might prove smart cars to become one of the most useful achievements in the modern era of advancement of technology. References Atamli, A.W. and Martin, A., 2014, September. Threat-based security analysis for the internet of things. In Secure Internet of Things (SIoT), 2014 International Workshop on (pp. 35-43). IEEE. Bonnefon, J.F., Shariff, A. and Rahwan, I., 2016. The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles. Science, 352(6293), pp.1573-1576. Gartner.com. (2017). Gartner Says By 2020, a Quarter Billion Connected Vehicles Will Enable New In-Vehicle Services and Automated Driving Capabilities. [online] Available at: https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2970017 [Accessed 9 Oct. 2017]. Kamm, F.M., 2015. The trolley problem mysteries. Oxford University Press. Rathore, M.M., Ahmad, A., Paul, A. and Rho, S., 2016. Urban planning and building smart cities based on the internet of things using big data analytics. Computer Networks, 101, pp.63-80. Ring, T., 2015. Connected carsthe next targe tfor hackers. Network Security, 2015(11), pp.11-16. Shaikh, A., Jadhav, P., Kulkarni, R. and Bhosale, S., 2017. Semi Autonomous Smart Car. 4(4) Zohdy, I.H., Kamalanathsharma, R.K. and Rakha, H., 2012, September. Intersection management for autonomous vehicles using iCACC. In Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), 2012 15th International IEEE Conference on (pp. 1109-1114). IEEE.

Australia failing to protect Great Barrier - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Australia failing to protect Great Barrier. Answer: Introduction: The term international relations can be determined as a division of political science that can be adopted for developing connections between two economies and also with international policies. The concept is further observed demonstrating the study of foreign affairs and international conflicts among the regions that include the roles and obligations of the economies intergovernmental, NGO, and multinational corporations. Global bonds can be both moot and public policy field and can be both optimistic and normative as it analyze and frame the foreign policies of the particular economy. Further, the concept is also concerned about the in explaining the connections of the states in the global regional system, and this approach also attempts to describe the interactions of others whose behavior originates within one economy and is targeted towards member of other countries. In simpler terms the study of international relations is totally focused and is based on explaining the behavior a cross the borders of different economies. The below presented essay has been analyzed for describing Australias climate change efforts. The essay has been focused on the climate change and global relations. As per the given scenario Australia has been proven unsuccessful to oblige an adequate role in the global response to climate change. Climate change and international relations: On the basis of the report presented by International institution of Governance program (2013), it has been observed that the climate change is one of the most empirical issues in the list of threats faced by the world. According to the research executed by American Metrological society it has been stated that there is a high range of probability of rising in global temperature from 3.5 to 7.4 degrees Celsius (6.3 to 13.3 degrees Fahrenheit) in less than one hundred years. These minor shifting in the environmental conditions can become reasons for widespread disasters such as rise in sea levels, violent and volatile weather patterns, famines, droughts, desertification etc. In November 2011, a warning was given by the International Energy Agency that the world may be fast moving towards a sloping point of change in climate and also it was suggested that the coming future will be prove vital for reduction in the efforts for greenhouse. According to The United Nations Framework Convention on climate change (UNFCCC) it has been defined as a change of climate that is accredited unswervingly or indirectly to human practices and due to making modifications in the international atmosphere. Activities that lead to contamination are arising from the engineering practices and other sources that are held responsible for the emission of greenhouse gases. These gases include carbon dioxide and other harmful gases and also have the ability of absorbing the spectrum of the infrared light and contribute in the warming of the environment. These gases once produced remains imprisoned in the atmosphere for decades. There are number of reasons for the changes in the climate that are adversely affecting the climate or the surrounding. The prime reason behind the climate change is the emission of the dangerous gases and pollutants such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases. It has been observed that the greenh ouse is the cycle due to which the mentioned pollutants and gasses gets imprisoned in the atmosphere and heat the planet. It has been observed that in the year 1827 Joseph Fourier a French mathematician and physicist projected that the worming process of earth is acted in the same way as a greenhouse traps heat. A procedure of noticeable lights and imperceptible radiations, in which the earths atmosphere is acting as a glass barrier, and the observable radioactivity from the sun that badges through the Earths environment will be engrossed by the land, water and vegetation but there are some pollutants and infrared radiations gets imprisoned in the atmosphere and remains in the environment. And it has also been noted that the oxygen and nitrogen and also the other natural key elements are unable to absorb infrared radiation. The mentioned gases feed-off the heat energy and a second source of radiation is emitted for warming the surface of the earth. This heat energy remains imprisone d in the environment and deteriorates the depending on the level of gases that are able of absorbing it. An increase in the level of greenhouse gases will make a growth in the absorbing power and that will make more absorption of more infrared radiation On the basis of the research it has been inferred that Australia has made commitments for taking strong domestic and international actions for the changes in the climate. It has been observed that the Australian governing authorities has been making implementation of national policies for reducing emission of pollutants and cope up with the effects of the climate change in relation to the co-ordinated international practices. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) in Paris (30 November to 12 December 2015) am historical global climate agreement was made (dfat.gov 2018). A durable and dynamic framework has been set by the Paris agreement for all the nations for taking climate action from 2020, development of existing global efforts in the duration of 2020. The prime outcomes of this agreement include: A global goal has been developed for holding the average temperature hike to well below 2C and efforts are pursued for keeping the warming level below 1.5C above per-industrial level. Mitigation targets are set by each and every nation from 2020 and targets are also required to be reviewed from a time interval of 5 years. Vigorous transparency and accountability norms for providing confidence in the nations practices conducted and also tracking the progress towards the desired targets. Promotion of the practices to be adopted and also building elasticity to climate change. Further, in the Paris conference, nations were send invitations for submitting indicative posts-2020 targets and that were termed as intended nationally determined contributions (INDCS). It has been observed that targets have been set by all the member nations to the UNFCCC. That comprise of all the G20 member nations. These set goals included 96% of international emission, over 39 percent of international GDP and this also included 99.8 % of the Australias two way trade. Mainly, these goals comprise significantly more that the Cancun agreements (2010) and under this agreement more than 100 countries took participation and made pledges for minimizing and setting limits to the greenhouse gases emission by the duration 2020 (dfat.gov 2018). Making reduction in the emission by 26-29 percent below 2005 levels by 2020 has been considered as one of the ambitious targets of Australia. This builds on the target of 2020 target minimizing or eliminating emissions approximately by 5% below levels of 2020. The attainments of the goals of Australia will be done by credible policy suite that has been made already engaged in the process of eliminating the emission, encouraging the technological development, etc. Australias response for climate change: In Australia, scientific evidence related to global warming is clearly available, and for preventing the general and dangerous impacts of climate change strong and strict actions are required by policy makers and industries. Response of departments related to the mitigation clearly state the need to reduce the rate of warming in the global climate system. On the other hand, adaptation response are necessary for the purpose of reducing the impact of current and future climate related issues and for managing the risk related to changes occurred in future climate (Durrant, n.d.). In 2016, Paris Agreement was enforced and the main purpose of this agreement is to strengthen the global response in context of risk related to climate change. For meeting its initial target in regards of Paris agreement, Australia committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 26 to 28% in comparison of 2005 by 2030. Experts believe that mitigation and adaptation efforts conducted by Australia will be strongly enhanced by the adoption and development of science and technology innovations and these innovations must be supported by government policies. With strong leadership from government and active participation from industries, Australia is meeting the challenges and become the leader in grabbing the opportunities in context of climate change (ATSE, n.d.). However, there is one more side of coin which reflects that Australia is failed to address the issues related to climate change. Experts from military and climate department warned the government that there is possibility that Australia faces various disaster consequences because of the changes occurred in climate which ultimately results in other natural disasters and forced migration of 10 million peoples across the region. Chris Barrie, Former defense force chief Adm stated that ability of Australia to reduce and respond to the impacts of climate change is affected by the political shyness. Climate change regulations of Australia have suffered from serious lack of political leadership. Approval to Adanis new coal mine is the perfect example for that. When world is coming together for the purpose of reducing the carbon emissions to prevent global warning, at that moment governments of Australia are chasing new proposals of coal mine of Adani. Government gives approval to the proposal of Adani which would result in the open up of complete Galilee Basin for poison generated by new mines (Stop Adani, n.d.). This mine is not only the biggest coal mine in Australia, but it is equal to almost five times the area of Sydney Harbour. This is the time when there is need to take efforts for reducing carbon pollution, but this mine complete takes the efforts of Australia in the new direction (The Guardian, 2017). It must be noted that, Great Barrier Reef already experience the shocking coral bleaching from rise in sea temperatures because of the global warming. In case current trends of the climate will continue, then it is estimated that Great Barrier Reef will experience serious coral bleaching in every 2nd year. Changes occur in climate also upturn because of the land clearing for building the mine. Almost, 20,200 hectares of land which is equal to 28,000 soccer fields or 200,000 quarter-acre blocks is cleared for Adani mills. Over half of the land which is clear for this mine is mature woodland and bush land which is considered as important territory for number of animals and it also includes some threatened species such as koalas and echidnas and endangered birds (Coates, et. al, 2014). Heat waves generated from mines which cause serious health issues which result in more deaths in Australia in comparison of deaths occurred from natural disasters since 1890. Longer, hotter, and more intense heat waves in Australia are being determined by changes occurred in climate. Research stated that number of deaths in summer are increasing as compared to deaths occurred in winters which clearly states that changes occurred in climate affects the mortality rate. New mine project of Adani make this situation worse. Australia and other countries of the world already bear the consequences of polluting air and water, and we area also facing the dangers which cause because of the changes occurred in climate. We must conduct actions which ensure changes from polluting coal, oil, and gas to 100% renewable energy to stop greenhouse gas emissions which already reach to more dangerous levels. The first step in this context is the prevention of Australias biggest coal mine proposal, before it gets started. Greenhouse gas emission is not the only issue, coal mine also robs billions of liters of water and this water will be taken from the ground water systems and Queenslands inland rivers. This mine use up to 9500 million liters of groundwater which is draining into a vast coal pits and underground mines each year. Governments also take actions to make sure that Adani gets the groundwater for free, and for this purpose government also deprive farmers from their rights to file appeal against Adani for taking their groundwater (agarwal, 2017; Env law, 2015). This step of government results in permanent changes in the groundwater system and water table will also drop. In other words, Adani not only rob the local farmers but it also drain water from the rare and ancient Doongmabulla and Mellaluka springs which provide support to the native animals and plants. Coal mine of Adani also get permission to draw water from aquifers and for this purpose Adani dig deep. This water will be sprayed on the mine for getting billowing clouds of coal dust which will be generated by this project, and it will also be used for washing the coal which prepared for export. Mines of Adani create big risk for the water resources of Queensland (Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, n.d.). Shortage of fresh water results in famine, and starving people becomes the serious problem for Australia. Historical evidence suggests that under these situations there are chances of mass migration (The Guardian, 2017). After considering the above facts, it can be said that political system of Australia in context of climate change is corrupt, and it fails to fulfill its obligations. Australia also fails to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions which are combined with its investment in new coal mining projects, and these new investments threatening the long term future of the Great Barrier Reef. In 2016, almost 22% of the corals died in the reefs and these deaths occurred in the areas of northern part of the reef. Climate change is considered as biggest reason for the declining health of reef, which is increasing the ocean temperatures and acidification. World Heritage Organization pushes the nations, especially Australia to take actions to protect their coral reefs. World Heritage Convention wants that Australia take all necessary actions and use appropriate resources for the purpose of protecting its coral reefs. Clear evidences are present which reflect that climate changes endangered the coral reefs, but still Australia make new investments in the coal mines projects. Instead of fulfilling its obligation for protecting the Great Barrier Reef from the future events of coral bleaching, Australia is failing to take actions which are fair and help the government in reducing the greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, it can be said that Australia fails to meet its obligations under the Paris Agreement (Davy, 2017). Tourism policy of Australia fails to support climate change: International journal of sustainable tourism reflects that only 21% of the tourism policies of Australia contain provisions related to the climate change, and these provisions only acknowledge the climate change as an issue. Instead of the fact that tourism is very important for the economy of Australia and its worth billions of dollars, and has been found by scientists that it also contributes in the climate change, only five tourism strategies of Australia recognize the impact of this sector on changes occurred in climate. After considering the documents related to the policy, it is found that tourism strategy of Australia mainly focuses on the adaptation strategies accompanied with mitigation. Documents further stated that certification and accreditation are also considered as adaptation measures by the tourism industry. State government of Australia is less proactive in considering the impact of tourism on climate change, and this can be understood through example, NSW fails to mention anything about the climate change in their tourism state level strategies. Experts stated that tourism sector has significant potential to improve and take action for preventing climate changes. In other words, tourism sector can develop mitigation and adaptation strategies. There are number of opportunities available to the tourism industry for the purpose of contributing in the sustainable management of climate change such as they can develop more green products and they can implement more environment friendly practices (QUT, 2017). Review of Climate change policies of Australia: In 2017, government of Australia reviewed its climate change policy for the purpose of ensuring that they are effective in achieving the target set for 2030 and obligation stated under Paris Agreement. This review was conducted by the Department of the Environment and Energy. As per this review report, government of Australia committed to addressing the climate change issues and at similar time they are taking steps to maintain the energy security and affordability and the competitiveness of our industries. The government recognizes that while reducing the emissions and for meeting the international obligations there is need to balance the economic impacts (DEE, 2017). However, reality is different from this review, as Lawyers while addressing the serious concern of UNESCO in context of coral bleaching and mortality rate related to the Great Barrier Reef caused by the changes occurred in climate stated, that Australia is not fulfilling its international obligation to protect the coral reef from the impacts of climate changes. Documents released by UNESCO show serious concern about the coral bleaching and mortality on the Great Barrier Reef caused by the Climate change (Environmental Justice Australia, 2017). As stated by the international and Australian lawyers To the UNESCOs World Heritage Committee must ask the Australia to do its fair share for the purpose of protecting the reef in the future. Recommendations: In light of the above stated facts, it is recommended to the authorities at international level to take following actions: International authorities must express their concern on serious note in context of coral bleaching and increasing mortality rate. Authorities must make call on Australia for not supporting and approving the new development projects that will directly or indirectly cause harm to the environment. Authorities must make request to the Australian government to monitors its current strategies and make necessary changes in it (SMH, 2017). Australia must review its progress in context of climate change on continuous basis and with honesty. Conclusion: This report mainly focuses on the climate change and international relations in Australia. As stated by the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change (UNFCCC), change of climate is directly or indirectly related to human practices and because of altering the international atmosphere. Australia fail to address the issues related to climate change in different areas such as greenhouse gas emissions. Experts from defense and climate department warned the Australian government that country face various disaster consequences because of the changes occurred in the climate. After considering the above facts, it can be said that political system of Australia in context of climate change is completely corrupt and this system fails to fulfill its obligations. Australia also fails to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions and instead of taking efforts Australia is investing in new coal mining projects, and these new investments threatening the long term future of the Great Barrier Reef. As stated above, Australia accept the obligations under Paris agreement but it fails to meet these obligations, and this fact is provided by different evidences such as approval of Australia government to the proposal of Adani new coal mine. 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